The Greek king of Bactria, Demetrius, conquered the Kabul River Valley around 195 BC. The Greek re-built Taxila and Pushkalavati as their twin capital cities in Gandhara.

They were followed in 75 BC by the Scythians, Iranian nomads from Central Asia, and in about 50 BC by the powerful Parthians, from east of the Caspian Sea.

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