historical region in what is now northwestern Pakistan, corresponding to the Vale of Peshawar and having extensions into the lower valleys of the Kabul and Swat rivers.

In ancient times Gandhara was a trade crossroads and cultural meeting place between India, Central Asia, and the Middle East. The region was subject to Achaemenian Persia in the 6th and 5th centuries BC and was conquered by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. It was thereafter ruled by the Mauryan dynasty of India, under whom it became a centre for the spread of Buddhism to Afghanistan and Central Asia. Gandhara was then successively ruled by Indo-Greeks, Shakas, Parthians, and Kushans. After its conquest by Mahmud of Ghazna in the 11th century AD, the region was held by various Muslim dynasties.

Taxila and Peshawar, ancient Gandhara's chief cities, were important cultural centres. From the 1st century BC to the 6th-7th century AD, Gandhara was the home of a distinctive art style that was a mixture of Indian Buddhist and Greco-Roman influences. See Gandhara art.