original name Farid Khan b. 1486?, Sasaram, India

d. May 22, 1545, Kalinjar

emperor of North India (1540-45) in the Islamic Sur (Afghan) dynasty of 1540-57 who organized a long-lived bureaucracy responsible to the ruler and a carefully calculated revenue system. For the first time during the Islamic conquest the relationship between the people and the ruler was systematized, with little oppression or corruption.

One of eight sons of Hasan Khan, a horse breeder, Farid rebelled against his father and left home to enlist as a soldier in the service of Jamal Khan, the governor of Jaunpur. He later worked for the Mughal king of Bihar, who rewarded him for bravery with the title of Sher Khan. After he defeated a Bengal army, he took over the rule of Bihar. In early 1539 he conquered Bengal and, through clever deception, the Rohtas stronghold southwest of Bengal. At the Battle of Chausa on June 26, 1539, he defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun and assumed the royal title of Farid-ud-Din Sher Shah. In May 1540 at Kannauj he again defeated Humayun and had driven his foes from Bengal, Bihar, Hindustan, and the Punjab and also suppressed the Baluch chiefs on the northwestern frontier. Intent on expanding the sultanate of Delhi, he captured Gwalior and Malwa but was killed during the siege of Kalinjar.

One of the great Muslim rulers of India, Sher Shah rose from the rank of private to be emperor, efficiently administered the army and tax collections, and built roads, rest houses, and wells for his people. He was generally tolerant of non-Muslims, except in his massacre of Hindus after the surrender of Raisen. His tomb at Sasaram is one of the most magnificent in India.