The word "ho" means man. According to Ho belief, all other groups of people are considered to be foreigners or outsiders, and not men. This may explain their independent and sometimes isolationist nature. A number of outsiders, such as the British and Muslims, have ruled the Ho tribe, but their fiercely independent nature has successfully kept them from the rule of the predominant Hindu.

What Are Their Lives Like?
The Ho consider themselves to be a separate tribe and not part of the Hindu caste system, even though thirty percent follow the Hindu belief system. Unlike the seventy-eight percent of Hindus who make up India, the Ho eat meat and drink rice beer.

The tribe's culture is intertwined with the natural world, which distinguishes them from the more sophisticated peoples of India. They are most comfortable in the forest environment that supplies many of the necessities they need for living. Roots, leaves and flowers of plants, grass, fruits, nuts, berries, mushrooms, and silk moth cocoons are used for food, trade, or medicine. Their major agricultural crop is rice, which they ferment to make beer. Mining for minerals found under the soil is the base for newly developing industries in nearby cities.

Villages are led by headmen who settle disputes and control the rent toll. Houses are usually made of mud and leaves of palm or other trees. Feasts or festivals mark the end of one season or the beginning of another. The major feast, called the "feast of contracts," is held after the annual harvest. The festival lasts about two months and includes singing, dancing, and drinking. All obligations and contracts end until the new year.

Many marriages also take place during the festival. Traditionally, a Ho marriage takes place when the groom's family pays a chari (bride price). In the past few years, however, a dowry (gifts or money from the bride's family to the groom) has begun to take the place of a chari.

What Are Their Beliefs?
Sixty-nine percent of the Ho are animists (believe that non-human objects have spirits) who worship clan gods such as a snake or monkey, and spirits which are approached through witchcraft or trances. They believe the world is full of bongas (spirits) that exist in objects of nature. Meat and beer are offered as a sacrifice to the bongas because they can cause disease and bad luck to those who do not appease them. Once a man worships a bonga, it becomes his teacher and the man becomes a shaman (medicine man or priest). The village "protector spirit" is asked by a priest to watch over the Ho activities and to protect them from evil spirits.

The Ho believe a man's shadow is his individuality, his character, which grows and develops throughout his life. The shadow never dies, but when a man dies, his shadow returns to his house where it is joined by other 'house dead' who dwell with his family. The 'house dead' either help or trouble the family depending on the amount of respect given to them.

What Are Their Needs?
Portions of the New Testament are printed in the Ho language and seven missions agencies currently labor among these people. Although efforts are being made to evangelize the Ho, their response has been very low—only five percent are Christians, so there is a strong need for further prayer and evangelism. Neither the Jesus film nor Christian radio broadcasts are available in the Ho language.

Prayer Points

• Pray against the spirits of animism and Hinduism that have kept the Ho bound and in spiritual darkness for centuries.
• Pray that the truth of the Gospel will set them free.
• Pray that the Ho who have heard the Gospel of the One True God will accept Him and work to reach their own people for Christ.
• Ask the Lord to soften the hearts of the Ho so they will want to know Christ.
• Ask God to grant wisdom and favor to the missionaries who are trying to reach the Ho for Christ.
• Pray that God will protect and encourage the small number of Ho Christians.
• Pray that Christian broadcasts and the Jesus film will soon be made available in their language.
• Pray for qualified linguists who can continue translating the Bible into the Ho language.
• Ask the Lord to raise up a strong local church among the Ho by the year 2000.

THE PEOPLE

• People name: Ho
• Country: India
• Their language: Ho (Lanka Kol)
• Population: (1990) 1,122,800
  (1995) 1,235,100
  (2000) 1,349,000
• Largest religion: Ethnic religionist 69%
  Hindu 30.4%
• Christians: <1%
• Church members: 6,793
• Scriptures in their own language: Portions
• Jesus Film in their own language: None
• Christian broadcasts in their own language: None
• Mission agencies working among this people: 7
• Persons who have heard the Gospel: 365,000 (30%) Those evangelized by local Christians: 68,500 (6%)
  Those evangelized from the outside: 296,500 (24%)
• Persons who have never heard the Gospel: 870,100 (70%)

• Country: India
• Population: (1990) 850,638,100
  (1995) 935,744,300
  (2000) 1,022,021,300
• Major peoples in size order: Hindi (High Hindi) 9.5%
  Telugu 7.8%
  Maratha 7.4%
  Bengali 6.4%
  Hindi (Bazaar, Popular) 5.5%
• Major religions: Hindu 78.2%
  Muslim 12%
  Christian 4.3%
• Number of denominations: 163